📑 Table of Contents▼

Postmodernist film is a classification for works that articulate the themes and ideas of postmodernism through the medium of cinema. Some of the goals of postmodernist film are to subvert the mainstream conventions of narrative structure and characterization, and to test the audience's suspension of disbelief.[1][2][3] Typically, such films also break down the cultural divide between high and low art and often upend typical portrayals of gender, race, class, genre, and time with the goal of creating something that does not abide by traditional narrative expression.[4]

Specific elements

edit

Modernist film came to maturity in the era between WWI and WWII with characteristics such as montage and symbolic imagery, and often took the form of expressionist cinema and surrealist cinema (as seen in the works of Fritz Lang and Luis Buñuel)[5] while postmodernist film – similar to postmodernism as a whole – is a reaction to the modernist works and to their tendencies (such as nostalgia and angst).[6] Modernist cinema has been said to have "explored and exposed the formal concerns of the medium by placing them at the forefront of consciousness. Modernist cinema questions and made visible the meaning-production practices of film."[7] The auteur theory and idea of an author creating a work from their singular vision was a cultural advancement that coincided with the further maturation of modernist cinema. It has been said that "To investigate the transparency of the image is modernist but to undermine its reference to reality is to engage with the aesthetics of postmodernism."[8][9] The modernist film has more faith in the author, the individual, and the accessibility of reality itself than the postmodernist film, and is generally more sincere in tone.[10]

Postmodernism is in many ways interested in the liminal space that would be typically ignored by more modernist or traditionally narrative offerings. Henri Bergson writes in his book Creative Evolution, "The obscurity is cleared up, the contradiction vanishes, as soon as we place ourselves along the transition, in order to distinguish states in it by making cross cuts therein in thoughts. The reason is that there is more in the transition than the series of states, that is to say, the possible cuts--more in the movement than the series of position, that is to say, the possible stops."[11]

Postmodernist film is often separated from modernist cinema and traditional narrative film[6] by three key characteristics. One of them is an extensive use of homage or pastiche.[7] The second element is meta-reference or self-reflexivity, highlighting the construction and relation of the image to other images in media and not to any kind of external reality.[7] A self-referential film calls the viewer's attention – either through characters' knowledge of their own fictional nature, or through visuals – that the film itself is only a film. This is sometimes achieved by emphasizing the unnatural look of an image which seems contrived. Another technique used to achieve meta-reference is the use of intertextuality, in which the film's characters reference or discuss other works of fiction. Additionally, many postmodern films tell stories that unfold out of chronological order, deconstructing or fragmenting time so as to highlight the fact that what is appearing on screen is constructed. A third common element is a bridging of the gap between highbrow and lowbrow activities and artistic styles,[2][3][7] e.g. a parody of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling in which Adam is reaching for a McDonald's burger rather than the hand of God. The use of homage and pastiche can, in and of itself, result in a fusion of high and low art. Lastly, contradictions of all sorts – whether it be in visual technique, characters' morals, etc. – are crucial to postmodernism.[2][12]

Specific postmodern examples

edit

Once Upon a Time in the West

edit

Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West has often been referred to by critics as an example of a postmodern Western.[13][14] The 1968 spaghetti Western revolves around a beautiful widow, a mysterious gunslinger playing a harmonica, a ruthless villain, and a lovable but hard-nosed bandit who just escaped from jail. The story was developed by Leone, Bernardo Bertolucci, and Dario Argento by watching classic American Westerns, and the final product is a deliberate attempt to both pay homage to and subvert Western genre conventions and audience expectations. Among the most notable examples of intertextuality are the plot similarities to Johnny Guitar, the visual reference to High Noon of a clock stopped at high noon in the middle of a gunfight, and the casting of Henry Fonda as the story's sadistic antagonist which was a deliberate subversion of Fonda's image as a hero established in such films as My Darling Clementine and Fort Apache, both directed by John Ford.[15][14][16]

Blade Runner

edit

Ridley Scott's Blade Runner might be the best-known postmodernist film.[7][17] Scott's 1982 film is about a future dystopia where "replicants" (human cyborgs) have been invented and are deemed dangerous enough to hunt down when they escape. There is tremendous effacement of boundaries between genres and cultures, and styles that are generally more separate, along with the fusion of disparate styles and times, a common trope in postmodernist cinema.[2][7] The fusion of noir and science-fiction is another example of the film deconstructing cinema and genre.[10] This embodies the postmodern tendency to destroy boundaries and genres into a self-reflexive product. The 2017 Academy Award-winning sequel Blade Runner 2049 also tackled postmodern anxieties.[18]

Pulp Fiction

edit

Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction is another example of a postmodernist film.[19][20][21][10][22][17] The Palme d'Or-winning film tells the interweaving stories of gangsters, a boxer, and robbers. The 1994 film breaks down chronological time and demonstrates a particular fascination with intertextuality: bringing in texts from both traditionally "high" and "low" realms of art.[1][2] This foregrounding of media places the self as "a loose, transitory combination of media consumption choices."[1][3] Pulp Fiction fractures time (by the use of asynchronous time lines) and by using styles of prior decades and combining them together in the movie.[1] By focusing on intertextuality and the subjectivity of time, Pulp Fiction demonstrates the postmodern obsession with signs and subjective perspective as the exclusive location of anything resembling meaning.

Other selected examples

edit

Aside from the aforementioned works, postmodern cinema includes films such as:

20th century

edit

21st century

edit

Postmodern documentary and essay film

edit

Postmodernist techniques have also influenced non-fiction cinema. For example, Errol Morris’s The Thin Blue Line (1988) is often regarded as the first postmodern documentary due to its ironic use of stylized re-enactments that detach the viewer from any pretense of objective truth.[320] Such works demonstrate that even documentary film can embrace subjectivity, self-reference, and genre-blending in a postmodern way.

List of notable postmodernist filmmakers

edit

Postmodernist television

edit

Postmodern television is a category or period of modern television related to the art and philosophy of postmodernism,[352] often making use of postmodern principles such as satire, irony, and deconstruction.

List of postmodernist television shows

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d Hopkins, Susan (Spring 1995). "Generation Pulp". Youth Studies Australia. 14 (3): 14–19.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Kretzschmar, Laurent (July 2002). "Is Cinema Renewing Itself?". Film-Philosophy. 6 (15). doi:10.3366/film.2002.0015.
  3. ^ a b c Hutcheon, Linda (January 19, 1998). "Irony, Nostalgia, and the Postmodern". University of Toronto English Library.
  4. ^ "Representing Postmodern Marginality in Three Documentary Films. - Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com.
  5. ^ "Characteristics of a Modernist Film". Our Pastimes.
  6. ^ a b Betz, Mark (March 23, 2009). "Beyond the subtitle : remapping European art cinema". Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press – via Internet Archive.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Beginning Postmodernism, Manchester University Press: 1999 by Tim Woods
  8. ^ Milovanovic, Dragan (15 March 2009). "Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodern Thought". American Society of Criminology.
  9. ^ Wilson, T. (1990-12-01). "Reading the postmodernist image: a 'cognitive mapping'". Screen. 31 (4): 390–407. doi:10.1093/screen/31.4.390. ISSN 0036-9543.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Why Do Movies Feel So Different Now? - Thomas Flight on YouTube
  11. ^ Bergson, Henri; Mitchell, Arthur (March 23, 1911). Creative Evolution. H. Holt. ISBN 9780827421110 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  12. ^ Alemany-Galway, Mary (2002). A Postmodern Cinema. Kent, England: Scarecrow Press.
  13. ^ "ONCE UPON A TIME IN THE WEST (1968) • Frame Rated". Frame Rated. 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
  14. ^ a b "50 years, 50 films: Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) | Screenwriter". www.irishtimes.com. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-01-11.
  15. ^ "Once Upon a Time in the West (1968) – Deep Focus Review – Movie Reviews, Critical Essays, and Film Analysis". 10 August 2010.
  16. ^ "Once Upon a Time in the West - Library of Congress" (PDF). Library of Congress.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu Postmodern, a list of films by Johannes F. Schiller · Letterboxd
  18. ^ "Blade Runner 2049" proves Denis Villeneuve as the closest we have to a modern-day Kubrick - Highlander
  19. ^ Tincknell, Estella (2006). "The Soundtrack Movie, Nostalgia and Consumption", in Film's Musical Moments, ed. Ian Conrich and Estella Tincknell (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). ISBN 0-7486-2344-2
  20. ^ King, Geoff (2002). Film Comedy (London: Wallflower Press). ISBN 1-903364-35-3
  21. ^ Wood, James (November 12, 1994). The Guardian.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The America That Reagan Built – Google Books (ch. "The Postmodern Nineties")
  23. ^ a b c Four films: crossing the boundaries of modernism and postmodernism
  24. ^ How THE BIG SLEEP Made Detectives Postmodern - Film Requiry
  25. ^ Weekly, Fort Worth (February 11, 2015). "Love Jones".
  26. ^ Henderson, Eric (November 17, 2005). "DVD Review: The Looney Tunes Movie Collection on Warner Home Video". Slant Magazine.
  27. ^ "The Looney Tunes Golden Collection (DVD)". The A.V. Club. 11 November 2003.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Case for Douglas Sirk as the First Postmodern Filmmaker". Collider. September 11, 2021.
  29. ^ Bruce Conner: In the Estheticization of Violence - Google Books (pg.8)
  30. ^ BRUCE CONNER It's All True – The Brooklyn Rail
  31. ^ Whelan, Nicola. "Place, Memory and History: A Construction of Subjectivity in Alain Resnais and Marguerite Duras' 'Hiroshima Mon Amour'". NCAD – via www.academia.edu.
  32. ^ "What makes Antonioni's L'avventura great". BFI. 28 September 2023.
  33. ^ a b c d e Prince, Stephen (Feb 2, 2004). The Horror Film. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813533636. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023 – via Google Books.
  34. ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
  35. ^ "Criterion Files #478: 'Last Year at Marienbad'". Film School Rejects. August 25, 2010.
  36. ^ "West Side Story: 60 years as a cultural barometer". Folger Shakespeare Library. October 19, 2021.
  37. ^ The Mandatory Proxy: Godard's Vivre sa Vie
  38. ^ "8 1/2 as a Postmodernist Film | Critical Film Theory: The Poetics and Politics of Film". sites.lafayette.edu.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Diaz, Jonny (August 2, 2020). "Christopher Nolan: Postmodern Master". Rough Cut.
  40. ^ Encyclopedia of Lesbian and Gay Histories and Culture - Google Books (pg.84)
  41. ^ Kumar, Arun (November 28, 2017). "Woman in the Dunes [1964] – A Haunting Existential Masterpiece".
  42. ^ Rivieccio, Genna (September 6, 2021). "Pierrot Le Fou's Discourse on the Infection of Americanism in Europe and the Absurdity of Modern Society".
  43. ^ Hoberman, J. (26 January 2019). "Godard's Conflagration of Images | J. Hoberman".
  44. ^ "Fragmented Identities: Ingmar Bergman's 1966 film 'Persona'". October 19, 2020.
  45. ^ "Batman (1966) is a Postmodern Masterpiece". Den of Geek. March 6, 2017.
  46. ^ write, Thought to (August 22, 2021). "From Modernism to Postmodernism depicting the transition through the movie: 'Blow-up'".
  47. ^ a b c d e f Roddis, Zach (4 April 2016). "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch".
  48. ^ Teo, Stephen (17 March 2013). "Seijun Suzuki: Authority in Minority – Senses of Cinema".
  49. ^ Casino Royale at 33: The Postmodern Epic in Spite of Itself - Bright Lights Film Journal
  50. ^ "ARCHITECTURE+FILM". architectureandfilmblog.tumblr.com.
  51. ^ "Spider Baby, or the Maddest Story Ever Told (1967)". Jan 15, 2018. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  52. ^ 'Yellow Submarine': A Dazzling Revival That Everyone Should See – Variety
  53. ^ Yellow Submarine (1968)|Swampflix
  54. ^ CAPSULE: THE MOVIE ORGY (1968)|366 Weird Movies
  55. ^ The Horror Film - Google Books (pg.89)
  56. ^ Theology, Pop (March 25, 2013). "Teorema: God Will Save You from Your Dull Middle-Class Existence".
  57. ^ Kumar, Arun (April 14, 2016). "Death by Hanging [1968]: A Brilliant, Provocative Work of a Anti-Authoritarian".
  58. ^ Alias, Haziq. "The Color of Pomegranates: An Avant- Garde Film That Found Beauty Universally". None – via www.academia.edu.
  59. ^ FUNERAL PARADE OF ROSES - Hammer to Nail
  60. ^ a b c d e Mythologies of Violence in Postmodern Media - Google Books
  61. ^ "Nicolas Roeg: 7 great moments". BFI. 27 November 2018.
  62. ^ "The Conformist": An unsettling political masterpiece returns - Salon
  63. ^ "'El Topo' at 50: A psychedelic film endorsed by John Lennon". April 15, 2021.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g "An Exploration of Music in Postmodern Films".
  65. ^ Acker, Melissa (21 May 2024). "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Senses of Cinema".
  66. ^ Yigitce, Erdinch (June 26, 2013). "Holy Blood And Holy Mountains: The Cinema Of Alejandro Jodorowsky". Culture Trip.
  67. ^ a b URÁNIA|The Style and the Man Himself
  68. ^ Hug, Bill (2013). ""Blazing Saddles" as Postmodern Ethnic Carnival". Studies in Popular Culture. 36 (1): 63–81. JSTOR 23610152.
  69. ^ The Mel Brooks Collection|AV Club
  70. ^ "Pastoral, to die in the country". April 10, 2020.
  71. ^ 'Céline and Julie Go Boating' Review: Candy Can Only Fuel the Memory of Few|Hills West Roundup
  72. ^ Coonskin (1975) – The Postmodern Pelican
  73. ^ a b c Deo, Kanishka (8 July 2014). "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time".
  74. ^ Wasley, Aidan (November 1, 2005). "The greatest postmodern art film ever". Slate Magazine.
  75. ^ You Were Never Really Here Is A Smart Thriller That Retreads Familiar Territory: Review|SPIN
  76. ^ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?|Culture|The Guardian
  77. ^ Heart of Weirdness: The Story Behind Hausu|Austin Film Society
  78. ^ "Filmmuseum - Program SD". www.filmmuseum.at.
  79. ^ Cusson, Katie (Apr 11, 2022). "Every Invasion of the Body Snatchers Movie and How Each is an Allegory For Their Time". MovieWeb. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  80. ^ Socialism in the Films of Kira Muratova
  81. ^ a b c Mambrol, Nasrullah (July 1, 2017). "Modernism, Postmodernism and Film Criticism". Literary Theory and Criticism.
  82. ^ a b Alternate Americas: Science Fiction and American Culture - Google Books
  83. ^ "Post-Stalker: Notes on Post-Industrial Environments and Aesthetics". Strelka Mag.
  84. ^ "Alexander M Gross - The Postmodern Apocalypse".
  85. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ledingham, John (10 April 2021). "10 Great Postmodern Sci-fi Movies To Blow Your Mind".
  86. ^ a b c d A Primer on Postmodernism - Google Books (pg.33)
  87. ^ Anastasova, Maria (Oct 12, 2018). The Suspense of Horror and the Horror of Suspense. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527519046. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023 – via Google Books.
  88. ^ a b Connie Field's 'The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter'|International Documentary Association
  89. ^ As Delightful As It Insufferable: On the Complex Joy of Diva - Roger Ebert
  90. ^ a b c The Postmodern Presence - Google Books (pg.157)
  91. ^ Arnzen, Michael A. (Feb 2, 1994). "Who's Laughing now? The Postmodern Splatter Film". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 21 (4): 176–184. doi:10.1080/01956051.1994.9943985. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023 – via www.academia.edu.
  92. ^ The Monstrous-feminine - Google Books (pg.73)
  93. ^ Staff, Slant (Oct 28, 2022). "The 100 Best Horror Movies of All Time". Slant Magazine. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  94. ^ Review: Abel Ferrara's Ms. 45 on Drafthouse Films Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
  95. ^ The Horror Film – Google Books (pgs.87–113)
  96. ^ Rick Prelinger: We have always recycled|BFI
  97. ^ The Postmodern Presence - Google Books (pg.37)
  98. ^ "Did We Ever Stop Being Postmodern?". Design Observer. 16 October 2011.
  99. ^ Carl Reiner Has Died at the Age of 98 - Paste
  100. ^ Gibron, Bill (2 February 2005). "Fall Guy (Kamata Koshin-Kyoku) (1983)". PopMatters.
  101. ^ 346. LIQUID SKY (1982)|366 Weird Movies
  102. ^ "Criterion Files #387: La Jetée". Film School Rejects. July 14, 2010.
  103. ^ La Jetee/Sans Soleil: The Criterion Collection - DVD Talk
  104. ^ a b Ledingham, John (10 April 2021). "10 Great Postmodern Sci-fi Movies To Blow Your Mind".
  105. ^ Secret Agency in Mainstream Postmodern Cinema
  106. ^ Postmodern Hollywood - Google Books (pgs.34-35)
  107. ^ Secret Agency in Mainstream Postmodern Cinema
  108. ^ Woody Allen’s Zelig: Hyperreal Postmodernism and its Portrayal in the Mockumentary (PDF)
  109. ^ a b c d e "5 FILMS THAT ARE POST MODERN MOVIES ABOUT THE NEW HOLLYWOOD". Chicago Tribune. 2 August 2002.
  110. ^ Recreational Terror - Google Books
  111. ^ a b c d e David and David at the Movies: Sorry to Bother You - Indiana University Cinema
  112. ^ Feltis, Stuart (30 September 2025). "'Streets of Fire' as Global Myth".
  113. '^ Speaking in Tongues: Stop Making Ends as a Postmodern Artifact (PDF)
  114. ^ Postmodernism: Style and Subversion 1970-1990 – Lehmann Maupin
  115. ^ Willett, Cynthia (1996). "Baudrillard, "After Hours", and the Postmodern Suppression of Socio-Sexual Conflict". Cultural Critique (34): 143–161. doi:10.2307/1354615. JSTOR 1354615.
  116. ^ Sterritt, David. "Brazil: A Great Place to Visit, Wouldn't Want to Live There". The Criterion Collection.
  117. ^ Mishama: A Life in Four Chapters|Screen Slate
  118. ^ Korczyński, Odys (24 August 2024). "RADIOACTIVE DREAMS. Science fiction like a disco after a nuclear war".
  119. ^ a b c d Gallagher, Richard (20 July 2016). "10 Great Postmodern Documentaries That Are Worth Your Time".
  120. ^ Iles, Timothy. "Tampopo: Food and the Postmodern in the Work of Itami Jûzô". Japanstudien. 12 (1): 283–297.
  121. ^ Exiles in Modernity - Chicago Reader
  122. ^ "MAUVAIS SANG | Viennale". www.viennale.at.
  123. ^ a b c d e f "Modernism and Post-Modernism in Pop Culture - Modernism and Post-Modernism in British Literature". sites.google.com.
  124. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Towards an Earnest Cinema|34th Street Magazine
  125. ^ a b The Disturbing Perfection of HAPPINESS - In/Frame/Out on YouTube
  126. ^ Circles, Myth, and Darwinism: Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey and Peter Greenaway's A Zed and Two Noughts (ZOO) - Offscreen
  127. ^ Walker - Harvard Film Archive
  128. ^ Free Alex Cox event in Arberdeen|Den of Geek
  129. ^ Historical Dictionary of Postmodernist Literature and Theater - Google Books (pg.346)
  130. ^ Ten Must-See 80s Sci-Fi And Fantasy Films|AMC Talk|AMC
  131. ^ 'The Princess Bride': Revisiting Rob Reiner and William Goldman's Paean to Pure Storytelling|The Film Stage
  132. ^ RIP William Goldman, creator of beloved film, The Princess Bride - Ars Technica
  133. ^ What Happened to Then? or, Spaceballs: The Essay – Bright Wall/Dark Room
  134. ^ FUNNY `INNERSPACE` DOMESTICATES ROGUE DIRECTOR – Chicago Tribune
  135. ^ a b c d The History of Cinema. Joe Dante - Piero Scaruffi's knowledge base
  136. ^ IT CAME FROM THE READER-SUGGESTED QUEUE: KING LEAR (1987)|366 Weird Movies
  137. ^ Caldwell, David; Rea, Paul W. (1991). "Handke's and Wenders's Wings of Desire: Transcending Postmodernism". The German Quarterly. 64 (1): 46–54. doi:10.2307/407304. JSTOR 407304.
  138. ^ MUBI on Twitter: "A postmodern cult classic from Indian filmmaker Kamal Swaroop."
  139. ^ 10 Films To Watch When You're Stoned - High On Films
  140. ^ Postmodernity and the city: Blade Runner, Dark City, Akira - High on Films
  141. ^ "30 years later and Beetlejuice is still the ghost with the most". Mar 30, 2018. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  142. ^ What to Watch to Understand Documentary History – The Peabody Awards
  143. ^ "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?". Empire. 2 March 2006.
  144. ^ a b A Primer on Postmodernism - Google Books (pg.32)
  145. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Postmodern Chick Flicks: The Return of the Woman's Film - Google Books
  146. ^ Bruyn, Dirk de (22 April 2004). "Coming in from the Culled: A Review of A Postmodern Cinema: The Voice of the Other in Canadian Film by Mary Alemany-Galway – Senses of Cinema".
  147. ^ a b c d e f g h i Laughing Matrers - Google Books (pgs.163-166)
  148. ^ New Working-class Studies - Google Books (pg.160)
  149. ^ Sotskaya, Masha (16 January 2017). "The Legacy Of Kira Muratova's "The Asthenic Syndrome"". Odessa Review. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  150. ^ a b c d e f g Roddis, Zach (4 April 2016). "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch".
  151. ^ Tavasoli, Sara (May 22, 2015). "Postmodernism in". Research in Contemporary World Literature. 20 (1): 23–39. doi:10.22059/jor.2015.54213 – via jor.ut.ac.ir.
  152. ^ "Postmodern Need Not Mean Post-Human: Abbas Kiarostami and the Paradox of Cinema". The Village Voice. July 5, 2016. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018.
  153. ^ Orsitto, Fulvio. "Martin Scorsese's Goodfellas: Hybrid Storytelling between Realism and Formalism". De Gruyter Bill.
  154. ^ Mason, Fram (2002). "The Postmodern Spectacle of the Gangster".
  155. ^ New on DVD and Blu-ray|The Week
  156. ^ Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990) Movie Review from Eye for Film
  157. ^ Watch: In-Depth Dissection Of The Coens' Postmodernism|The Playlist
  158. ^ a b c The Coen Brothers (4.2)- The Postmodern Pictures - THE DIRECTORS SERIES
  159. ^ "Barton Fink (Joel and Ethan Coen, 1991) • Senses of Cinema". 13 June 2001. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  160. ^ "The Coen Brothers: The Postmodern Films - Barton Fink - Film Closings". 7 May 2017. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  161. ^ a b c Palmer, Joy (December 1, 2000). "Conventionalizing the Postmodern". Film-Philosophy. 4 (1) film.2000.0001. doi:10.3366/film.2000.0001 – via Edinburgh University Press Journals.
  162. ^ ŽiŽek, Slavoj. "The Double Life of Véronique: The Forced Choice of Freedom". The Criterion Collection.
  163. ^ Postmodernism in the Cinema - Google Books (pg.45)
  164. ^ Review: Aladdin - Slant Magazine
  165. ^ REVIEWER, M. FAUST NEWS BOOK REVIEWER, M. FAUST NEWS CONTRIBUTING (29 November 1992). "A FIRST MOVIE WITH PLENTY OF BITE QUENTIN TARANTINO LETS 'RESERVOIR DOGS' DO THE TALKING FOR HIM". Buffalo News.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  166. ^ Symposiums – Reverse Shot
  167. ^ Arnold Schwarzenegger's Experimental Postmodern Film That Almost Worked - Collider
  168. ^ 'The Nightmare Before Christmas' (PG) - The Washington Post
  169. ^ a b c d e Roddis, Zach (4 April 2016). "20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch".
  170. ^ Dudková, Jana (March 23, 2013). "An Image of Recurrent Time: Notes on Cinematic Image and the Gaze in Béla Tarr?s Sátántangó". Human Affairs. 23 (1): 21–31. doi:10.2478/s13374-013-0103-y. S2CID 144067281 – via PhilPapers.
  171. ^ a b c d e f Deo, Kanishka (8 July 2014). "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time".
  172. ^ Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer - Google Books (pg.121)
  173. ^ FALLEN ANGELS | Cleveland Institute of Art College of Art | 800.223.4700
  174. ^ The Brady Bunch Movie Review|Empire
  175. ^ 'The Brady Bunch Movie'|Decider
  176. ^ 'Jay Kelly' Review: A Schmaltzy Tribute to Movie Stars – Slant Magazine
  177. ^ "Emir Kusturica's "Underground," text version". www.ejumpcut.org.
  178. ^ "Is Narrative Overrated? Finding New Ways to Engage With Cinema". the-artifice.com. 26 February 2014.
  179. ^ a b c d "10 Savvy Postmodern Horror Films That Helped Reinvent The Genre". October 24, 2015.
  180. ^ Schizopolis and the Chaos of American Suburban Living|25YL
  181. ^ 216. SCHIZOPOLIS (1996)|366 Weird Movies
  182. ^ The Sundance Kids: How the Mavericks Took Back Hollywood - Google Books (pg.174)
  183. ^ "Sophistication and sincerity".
  184. ^ "Olivier Assayas' "Irma Vep": A Product and Critique of the French New Wave – Brattle Theatre Film Notes".
  185. ^ "Creating Your Own History: Archival Themes in The Watermelon Woman".
  186. ^ Zimmer, Catherine (2008). "Histories of The Watermelon Woman: Reflexivity between Race and Gender". Camera Obscura. 23 (2): 41–67.
  187. ^ CINEMA QUARANTINO: The End of Evangelion (1997) dir. Hideaki Anno|BOSTON HASSLE
  188. ^ a b Black, A. J. (Jul 7, 2020). "SCARY MOVIE: a post-modern horror spoof without any post-modern wit (2000 in Film #26)". We Made This. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  189. ^ Lost Highway (1997)|The Criterion Collection
  190. ^ Duncan, Pansy (March 23, 2015). "Bored and Boringer: avant-garde and trash in Harmony Korine's Gummo". Textual Practice. 29 (4): 717–743. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2014.987690. S2CID 145744624 – via www.academia.edu.
  191. ^ Dark City 1997, directed by Alex Proyas|Time Out
  192. ^ 20 Great Postmodern Films You Should Watch - Taste of Cinema
  193. ^ The barber of Siberia – Znamia
  194. ^ Chang, Kai-man (2008). "Gender Hierarchy and Environmental Crisis in Tsai Ming-liang's "The Hole"". Film Criticism. 33 (1): 25–44. JSTOR 24777368.
  195. ^ Lavoie, Dusty (2011). "Escaping the Panopticon". Utopian Studies. 22 (1): 52–73. doi:10.5325/utopianstudies.22.1.0052. JSTOR 10.5325/utopianstudies.22.1.0052.
  196. ^ a b A Retrospective of the 50s through Postmodern Cinema - Google Books (pg.125)
  197. ^ Of Freaks and Men : Aleksei Balabanov's critique of degenerate post-Soviet society
  198. ^ Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai - The Criterion Channel
  199. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Culture War: How the '90s Made Us Who We Are Today (Whether We Like It Or Not) - Google Books (ch. "Indie-Pendent's Day")
  200. ^ Orgeron, Devin (2002). "Revising the Postmodern American Road Movie: David Lynch's the Straight Story". Journal of Film and Video. 54 (4): 31–46. JSTOR 20688392.
  201. ^ "The Matrix and Postmodernism". Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  202. ^ a b The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time « Taste of Cinema
  203. ^ Dancer in the Dark (2000): Von Trier's Cannes Fest Top Prize-Winning Film Starring Bjork|Emanuel Levy
  204. ^ "The Postcolonial Self and the Other in Béla Tarr's Werckmeister Harmonies".
  205. ^ a b c d e f g Booker, M. Keith (March 23, 2007). "Postmodern Hollywood: what's new in film and why it makes us feel so strange". Praeger – via Open WorldCat.
  206. ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day — Brattle Theatre Film Notes
  207. ^ A Cultural Evolution of 'Shrek', from Blockbuster Hit to Historic Meme - VICE
  208. ^ The Holy Moment on JSTOR
  209. ^ a b Booker, M. Keith (March 23, 2007). Postmodern Hollywood: What's New in Film and why it Makes Us Feel So Strange. Praeger. ISBN 9780275999018 – via Google Books.
  210. ^ a b c d e f Deo, Kanishka (8 July 2014). "The 20 Best Postmodernist Movies of All Time".
  211. ^ "Film releases: All About Lily Chou-Chou". the Guardian. August 30, 2002.
  212. ^ "Views of Modern and Postmodern Tokyo: Dehumanization, Urban and Body Changes". ResearchGate.
  213. ^ O'Hehir, Andrew (November 9, 2002). ""Far From Heaven"". Salon.
  214. ^ "Unhappily ever after". the Guardian. March 1, 2003.
  215. ^ "All That the Neighbors Allow: Todd Haynes's FAR FROM HEAVEN | Cinematheque". cinema.wisc.edu.
  216. ^ Sokurov's Russian Ark And The End of Postmodernism – ARTMargins Online
  217. ^ The Quietus|Film|Film Features|Modern Masterpiece: 20 Years Of 24 Hour Party People
  218. ^ a b c d e f Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts - Google Books (pg.289)
  219. ^ Between Comedy and Kitsch: Kitano's Zatoichi and Kurosawa's Traditions of "Jidaigeki" Comedies by Rie Karatsu, Massey University, New Zealand
  220. ^ Russell, Saralyn (Jun 10, 2014). "Queerly Monstrous: Reading Party Monster as a Postmodern Horror Film". Kino: The Western Undergraduate Film Studies Journal. 5 (1). Retrieved Feb 2, 2023 – via ojs.lib.uwo.ca.
  221. ^ Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in its Golden Age
  222. ^ Flickers of Film: Nostalgia in the Time of Digital Cinema
  223. ^ The Humanity of 2000s Postmodernist Cinema - Flip Screen
  224. ^ 'Team America: World Police' : NPR
  225. ^ Who Was "Night Watch" Filmed for? A Parody of Russian Postmodernism|Zen
  226. ^ "To Halve and to Hold". The Village Voice. June 21, 2005. Archived from the original on September 15, 2018.
  227. ^ a b c d Gallagher, Richard (20 July 2016). "10 Great Postmodern Documentaries That Are Worth Your Time".
  228. ^ "The Postmodern Eyes of Chinese Cinema". www.international.ucla.edu.
  229. ^ Daniel Amos and me: The power of pop culture and autoethnography
  230. ^ Young, Neil (November 10, 2017). "Critic's Picks: Amy Adams' Top 5 Performances". The Hollywood Reporter.
  231. ^ "Todd Haynes, I'm Not There and the Postmodern Biopic". offscreen.com.
  232. ^ "The Quietus | Film | Film Features | Life's Incidental Character: The Films Of Agnès Varda". The Quietus. 6 June 2014.
  233. ^ "The ultimate postmodern novel is a film". TheGuardian.com. 13 May 2009. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
  234. ^ Ebiri, Bilge (27 September 2010). "Gaspar Noé on Why Enter the Void Is Avatar for the Art Crowd: Both Are 'Like Taking Drugs'". Vulture.
  235. ^ Postmodern Family Romance, Antichrist
  236. ^ 49. A SERIOUS MAN (2009)|366 Weird Movies
  237. ^ "Shutter Island". Reverse Shot.
  238. ^ "The remake of memory: Martin Scorsese's Shutter Island and Pedro Almodovar's The Skin I Live In" (PDF).
  239. ^ Gittins, Sean (2012). "Film Socialisme". Philosophy Now.
  240. ^ Bauer, Marko (17 December 2013). "Pure West: Drive, nostalgia for postmodernism – Senses of Cinema".
  241. ^ "A perfectly modern Frankenstein: Almodóvar's The Skin I Live In (2011, Sony Pictures Classics)".
  242. ^ Martin, Jake. "We need to talk about We Need to Talk about Kevin". Busted Halo. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
  243. ^ «Смешарики. Начало»: Спасибо, что в кино
  244. ^ "The blind spot of history: colonialism in Tabu - CentAUR" (PDF).
  245. ^ Verma, Shikhar (June 6, 2017). "Holy Motors [2012]: The Death & Re-birth of Cinema".
  246. ^ "'ParaNorman' Is a Hilarious, Heartfelt Horror Homage, PopMatters". Aug 13, 2012. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  247. ^ Dargis, Manohla (April 30, 2013). "Juggling Primal Conflicts of Innocence and Sin". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  248. ^ Postmodernism in Tim Burton's Frankenweenie on HSE Design
  249. ^ Thill, Scott. "Exclusive Video: Crafting Hotel Transylvania's CGI Monster Party". Wired. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023 – via www.wired.com.
  250. ^ Why can't grown-up animations catch a break on Oscar night? - Chicago Reader
  251. ^ A cultural commentary on "Superman" |Denison Forum
  252. ^ "Nicolas Winding Refn". Indiana University Cinema.
  253. ^ ""This is the bloody twenty-first century!": The (Post)Modern Vampires of Jim Jarmusch's Only Lovers Left Alive". March 16, 2019.
  254. ^ Review: Insubstantial 'Clouds of Sils Maria'|Indiewire
  255. ^ "Exploding the Sign from Within: Paradoxes of Post-Structuralist Epistemology in Adieu au Langage|Senses of Cinema". Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2025-01-13.
  256. ^ 'The Lego Movie': Building a postmodern, tongue-in-cheek toy film - Los Angeles Times
  257. ^ "Thai film 'Cemetery of Splendor' blends surrealism and fear", The Seattle Globalist
  258. ^ World of Tomorrow - cinemayward
  259. ^ “It Is Not All That Bad”—Hitler and Identity-building in Er ist wieder da (Look Who’s Back)
  260. ^ Deadpool and Philosophy: Nihilism, Postmodernism, and the Prison of Irony - MovieWeb
  261. ^ "La La Land: American postmodern musical without a cause|The Australian".
  262. ^ La La Land: A Grandiose Dream of the Modern Musical – Gen Z Critics
  263. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (January 1, 2017). "A Second Look at 'La La Land': Why It's Not Just Good, But Great".
  264. ^ At Sundance: In Defense of Daniel Radcliffe's Farting Corpse|Filmmaker Magazine
  265. ^ "'Get Out' Is The Type Of Movie The Oscars Should Pay Attention To". HuffPost. March 5, 2017.
  266. ^ a b 'I, Tonya' and the Postmodern Protagonist - Age of the Nerd
  267. ^ "The Square Pokes Fun at the Postmodern Art World". dobbernationLOVES. September 9, 2017.
  268. ^ Хроники православного постмодернизма
  269. ^ Silence & Sound: Wonderstruck and the Post-Modern Gaze – Riot Material
  270. ^ "Only I Know the Secrets: Breaking Down 'Under the Silver Lake' | BW/DR". July 10, 2019.
  271. ^ Oscars: Can Anyone Break Disney & Pixar's Animated Feature Streak In 2019? - Deadline
  272. ^ Anatomy of a superhero: Miles Morales in Across the Spider-Verse is the true postmodern Spider-Man|Telegraph India
  273. ^ New 'Spider-Man' an oh-so-postmodern take on Marvel franchise|HeraldNet.com
  274. ^ Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse review - plenty of postmodern pizzazz - The Times
  275. ^ (PDF) The House that Lars Built - academia.edu
  276. ^ Female Directors: Best Movies Directed By Women|IndieWire
  277. ^ "Falling asleep at the Movies: Long Day's Journey Into Night by Jamie Limond – The Drouth".
  278. ^ Bad Times at the El Royale: A Postmodern Thriller in the Spirit of Trier and Tarantino
  279. ^ "Jordan Peele's 'Us' Postmodernism and Free-Floating Racism". Mar 29, 2019. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  280. ^ 'Everything Must Go': Joker as a Banner for Postmodernism|CINEJ Cinema Journal
  281. ^ Wolfe, Monica (Oct 2, 2021). "Mapping Imperialist Movement in Postmodern Horror Film Midsommar". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 49 (4): 210–222. doi:10.1080/01956051.2021.1881036. S2CID 246241427. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  282. ^ Rian Johnson trades in lightsabers for postmodern whodunnit Knives Out|Ars Technica
  283. ^ Alm, David. "Review: Pedro Almodóvar's 'Pain And Glory'". Forbes.
  284. ^ The Nose or the Conspiracy of Mavericks / Filmexplorer
  285. ^ 'Last Night in Soho' review: Anya Taylor-Joy shakes up horror - Los Angeles Times
  286. ^ "Bad Luck Banging or Loony Porn review – playful Romanian sex tape satire". the Guardian. November 28, 2021.
  287. ^ BELLE draws on Western stories to tell a postmodern fable about healing - Moviejawn
  288. ^ "Movie Review: "Bergman Island" a Playful Riff on Creativity". October 20, 2021.
  289. ^ a b Best Films of 2022 - Stephen David Miller
  290. ^ Why Oscar contender 'Babylon' could take a page from Tolkien - Angelus News
  291. ^ How Everything Everywhere All At Once Bridges the Gap Between Summer Blockbusters and Arthouse Cinema - MovieWeb
  292. ^ a b PHILM AND PHILOSOPHY|'Barbie', 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' and the Problem of Postmodern Endings
  293. ^ Puchko, Kristy (7 June 2022). "How 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' is a love letter to moms...and the internet". Mashable. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  294. ^ Hundreds of Beavers Review | Snowshoe Slapstick | The GATE
  295. ^ Gittell, Noah (Jul 20, 2022). "Jordan Peele's Nope Fails to Dazzle When the Aliens Are Revealed - WCP". Washington City Paper. Retrieved Feb 2, 2023.
  296. ^ 'Razzennest' review - Projected Figures
  297. ^ 'Razzennest' review - ScreenAnarchy
  298. ^ ‘Tár’ and the Discourse over Power and Art - Post Alley
  299. ^ White Noise is 'thrillingly original' - BBC Culture
  300. ^ Pearl: Ti West's Post-Modern Slasher Trilogy Reaches Its Bloody Mid-Point - Original Cin
  301. ^ 'Barbie' Review: Doll in Plastic Gets a Greta Gerwig Grounding in Kentastic Postmodern Campy Romp - Rendy Reviews
  302. ^ Why the Postmodern Structure of Ari Aster's 'Beau is Afraid' Works Masterfully - No Film School
  303. ^ David Dastmalchian on Late Night With the Devil: Interview|Consequence
  304. ^ The 25 Best Movies of 2024 - IndieWire
  305. ^ ‘Between the Temples’ Held This Viewer at a Distance - Salt Lake Film Review
  306. ^ Debating The Brutalist - The Criterion Collection
  307. ^ A Different Man - Film Freak Central
  308. ^ The Master and Margarita (2024) review
  309. ^ Our Most Anticipated Films For 2024 - Next Best Picture
  310. ^ The Most Precious of Cargoes review – postmodern Holocaust fairytale is dreamy curiosity|The Guardian
  311. ^ The Best Films of 2024 - Michigan Daily
  312. ^ “I wasn’t a child of arthouse cinema. I was a child of television”: Jane Schoenbrun on I Saw the TV Glow|Sight & Sound
  313. ^ New Wave Post-Modern Horror's Use of POV on Bloody Disgusting
  314. ^ a b Bleasdale, John (22 August 2025). "(Review) Dracula: It's hard to resist the irreverence of Radu Jude's overstuffed vampire parody". Sight And Sound. British Film Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2025.
  315. ^ The post-modern appeal of 'A Minecraft Movie' – The Badger Herald
  316. ^ Backrooms Teaser – Blunt Magazine
  317. ^ God Forbid ‘The Bride!’ Get a Little Motion – The Ringer
  318. ^ AwardsWatch – ‘The Bride!’ Review: Maggie Gyllenhaal Goes For Baroque in Messy, Misguided Post-Modern Monster Movie (D)
  319. ^ The latest film adaptation of “Wuthering Heights” is like a postmodernist (wet) fever dream|creamagazine.com
  320. ^ Nichols, Bill (2010). Introduction to Documentary (2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. pp. 105–110. ISBN 9780253222602.
  321. ^ a b c d Boggs, Carl; Pollard, Tom (March 1, 2001). "Postmodern Cinema and Hollywood Culture in an Age of Corporate Colonization". Democracy & Nature. 7 (1): 159–181. doi:10.1080/10855660020028818 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  322. ^ a b c d "New Hollywood" and the 60s Melting Pot|Jonathan Rosenbaum
  323. ^ "The Evolution of Pedro Almodóvar". The New Yorker. November 28, 2016.
  324. ^ a b c REVIEW: The Love Witch (2016) dir. Anna Biller // BOSTON HASSLE
  325. ^ New Acquisition: Bruce Conner, Three Screen Ray|Unframed
  326. ^ Comics in Context #100: Centennial Cartoon Concert - IGN
  327. ^ a b c d e "Elements of Mise en Scene in Postmodern Cinema". December 22, 2016.
  328. ^ a b c d Haider, Asad (October 2018). "Me and You and Everyone We Know: The Postmodern Happiness of the Contemporary Art Film – Senses of Cinema".
  329. ^ "Joe Dante's Purgatory|Jonathan Rosenbaum". Archived from the original on 2023-11-05. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  330. ^ Neurosis Hotel: An introduction to Abel Ferrara - Adrian Martin.pdf
  331. ^ Peter Greenaway's Postmodern / Poststructuralist Cinema - Google Books
  332. ^ Peter Greenaway's "Eisenstein in Guanajuato" at the Istanbul Film Festival - HuffPost
  333. ^ Read More: Don Hertzfeldt's Stick Figures at 20 | Austin Film Society
  334. ^ Mironescu, Andreea (2017). "In-Between Histories: Intermedial Configurations in Radu Jude's Collage Film "The Dead Nation"". Jazyk a kultúra. 31–32: 103–111 – via ResearchGate.
  335. ^ Lazar, Veronica; Gorzo, Andrei (January 2019). "An updated political modernism: Radu Jude and "I Do Not Care If We Go Down in History as Barbarians"". Close Up: Film and Media Studies. 3 (1–2): 7–19 – via ResearchGate.
  336. ^ Time Machines: After Kubrick: A Filmmaker's Legacy, edited by Jeremi Szaniawski · Senses of Cinema
  337. ^ Jim Hemphill's Best Blu-rays of 2016|Filmmaker Magazine
  338. ^ There Was Once a Certain Kind of Cinema — Kitbashed
  339. ^ "The Postmodern Films Of Guy Maddin". NPR.
  340. ^ "An Interview with Guy Maddin". offscreen.com.
  341. ^ New Working-Class Studies - Google Books (pg. 162)
  342. ^ The Perils of Michael Moore - Dissent Magazine
  343. ^ Hassannia, Tina (December 11, 2013). "The Nature of Truth: Errol Morris's The Thin Blue Line". Slant Magazine.
  344. ^ Can I Live? Contemporary Black Satire and the State of Postmodern Double Consciousness on JSTOR
  345. ^ Jordan Peele on 'Get Out' and writing for the Black audience
  346. ^ Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism - Google Books (pg.133)
  347. ^ Kevin Smith: 'I'm a Sellout!' - Observer
  348. ^ Brereton, Pat (2012). "Postmodernism, Parody and Smart Cinema: Case Studies of Lynch, Tarantino and Soderbergh". Smart Cinema, DVD Add-Ons and New Audience Pleasures. pp. 20–42. doi:10.1057/9781137027085_2. ISBN 978-1-349-32856-7.
  349. ^ Was postmodernism born with Close Encounters of the Third Kind?
  350. ^ Postmodern Chick Flicks - Google Books (pg.43)
  351. ^ Fallen Angels|Cornell Cinema
  352. ^ TV News in a Postmodern World by Terry L. Heaton - The Digital Journalist
  353. ^ TV Finales FAQ – Google Books
  354. ^ a b c d Garry Shandling: the standup who changed the sitcom forever|Comedy|The Guardian
  355. ^ a b c d e f The Post Modern Sitcom / TVparty!
  356. ^ American Horror Story’s music and look: a work of postmodern beauty. – Slate Magazine
  357. ^ 'Arrested Development' finds new life in the land of Netflix – Baltimore Sun
  358. ^ a b c d e f g h How Always Sunny Surpassed Seinfeld – Den of Geek
  359. ^ a b c IN PRAISE OF REALITY TV AS 'POSTMODERN ART PAR EXCELLENCE' – Brooklyn Magazine
  360. ^ a b c d e Postmodernism in Television — The Factory Times
  361. ^ a b c Danish Postmodern|The New Yorker
  362. ^ a b c Dr. Toon: The Animation Critic's Art – Defining Our Terms|Animation World Network
  363. ^ a b Satire TV – Google Books (pg.135)
  364. ^ Is the US ready for a fictional president?|Celebrity|The Guardian
  365. ^ The Post-Modern Sitcom|Toronto Standard
  366. ^ Comfort Viewing: 3 Reasons I Love 'Community' – The New York Times
  367. ^ a b 'You Should See Yourself': Jewish Identity in Postmodern American Culture on JSTOR
  368. ^ Danger Mouse: Natalie Haynes's guide to TV detectives #23|Children's TV|The Guardian
  369. ^ Embedded Realities and Simulacra: A Close Reading of ‘Don’t Hug Me I’m Scared’ - Academia.edu
  370. ^ Fallout and the Post-Modern Television Post-Apocalypse - Paste Magazine
  371. ^ The 30 Best International TV Shows of the Decade – The New York Times
  372. ^ Control Nathan Rabin 4.0 #260 Freakazoid! "Five Day Forecast/The Dance of Doom/Handman" and "Candle Jack/Toby Danger in Doomsday Bet/The Lobe" - Nathan Rabin's Happy Place
  373. ^ 'HELL ON WHEELS' IS BOTH A TACTICAL HOMAGE TO THE WESTERN GENRE AND A POSTMODERN PASTICHE|PopMatters
  374. ^ The 10 best TV shows of 2022 so far – BBC Culture
  375. ^ The Politics of Humor – Google Books
  376. ^ 'Magpie Murders' Review: A Postmodern Mystery on PBS – WSJ
  377. ^ Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman combined soap opera, satire, and nightmare - AV Club
  378. ^ The Postmodern Presence – Google Books (pgs.35–36)
  379. ^ Inventory: 16 Films Featuring Manic Pixie Dream Girls, 10 Great Songs Nearly Ruined by Saxophone, and 100 More Obsessively Specific Pop-Culture Lists – Google Books (ch."QUICK, MAN! TENACIOUSLY TO MY BUTTOCKS! 21 CHILDREN'S TV SHOWS THAT FOUND ADULT AUDIENCES")
  380. ^ How Monty Python's Mix of Postmodern Absurdity and Political Satire Influenced Shows Like 'Rick and Morty' – Laughing Squid
  381. ^ Stories of Fighting Fascism – The Peabody Awards
  382. ^ Cable's 'Mystery Science Theater 3000'|EW.com
  383. ^ СМЕШАРИКИ КАК ВОПЛОЩЕНИЕ ПОСТМОДЕРНИЗМА. ФЕНОМЕН МУЛЬТСЕРИАЛА
  384. ^ On Evas and Angels: Postmodern Fantasy Devotion to Neon Genesis Evangelion|PopMatters
  385. ^ 'The Office': a postmodern success wraps up – Orange County Register
  386. ^ Seeing Through the Eighties – Google Books (pg.9)
  387. ^ a b c d Strange TV: Innovative Series from The Twilight Zone to the X-Files – Google Books
  388. ^ Wilson, Jack (August 22, 2022). "'The Rehearsal' Blurs the Lines Between Reality and Simulation". Collider. Retrieved December 21, 2022.
  389. ^ Rick and Morty Almost Swallows Itself in a Too Meta Midseason Premiere – Paste Magazine
  390. ^ In Defense of Riverdale|The Smart Set
  391. ^ The Perfectly Postmodern Reality TV of 'RuPaul's Drag Race – The Ringer
  392. ^ How Saturday Night Live became a TV phenomenon – but then lost its way – BBC
  393. ^ Saturday Night Live (Classic): "Norman Lear/Boz Scaggs" – AV Club
  394. ^ The world according to 'Seinfeld' No hugging, no learning. No aging, commitment or obligation. We've laughed at such postmodern sentiments for nine years. Is there anything wrong with that? – Baltimore Sun
  395. ^ a b c American TV Detective Dramas – Google Books (pg.36)
  396. ^ Did the Simpsons Ruin a Generation?|Desiring God
  397. ^ a b Eckart Voigts-Virchow (GieBen) "Goodbye suspense goodbye"? Postmodern TV Crime in The Singing Detective (1986) and Twin Peaks (1990–91) – cinetext
  398. ^ Postmodern laughs from the mob – The Boston Globe
  399. ^ Weirdest Space Ghost Guest Stars, Ranked – MovieWeb
  400. ^ Making sense of the bloodiest postmodern show on television, Spartacus - Slate Magazine
  401. ^ Kids' TV Grow Up – Google Books (pg.182)
  402. ^ Why Netflix's Teen Dramas Feel So Retro – The Atlantic
  403. ^ Best TV Shows Ever: Top 100 Television Programs – The Hollywood Reporter
  404. ^ A Sitcom Through the Ages: A Postmodern Review of Marvel's 'WandaVision'|LiveWire
  405. ^ The X-Files and the Aesthetics and Politics of Postmodern Pop on JSTOR
edit