Dalam filsafat, agama, dan psikologi, "kebaikan dan kejahatan" merupakan dikotomi umum. Dalam agama-agama yang dipengaruhi oleh Manikheisme dan Abrahamik, kejahatan dianggap sebagai kebalikan dari kebaikan, yang mana kebaikan harus menang dan kejahatan harus dikalahkan.[1]
Kejahatan sering digunakan untuk menunjukkan amoralitas yang mendalam.[2] Kejahatan juga digambarkan sebagai kekuatan supernatural.[2] Definisi kejahatan bervariasi, seperti halnya analisis motifnya.[3] Namun, unsur-unsur yang umumnya dikaitkan dengan kejahatan melibatkan perilaku tidak seimbang yang melibatkan kemanfaatan, keegoisan, ketidaktahuan, atau kelalaian.[4]
Studi utama tentang kebaikan dan kejahatan (atau moralitas) adalah etika, yang memiliki tiga cabang utama: etika normatif tentang bagaimana kita seharusnya berperilaku, etika terapan tentang isu-isu moral tertentu, dan metaetika tentang hakikat moralitas itu sendiri.[5]
Lihat pula
sunting
- Akrasia
- Aksiologi
- Kebanalan kejahatan
- Kebaikan bersama
- Idealisme etika
- Bentuk Kebaikan (Plato)
- Absolutisme bertahap
- Penalaran induktif
- Dilema moral
- Kejahatan moral
- Realisme moral
- Kejahatan alamiah
- Entitas nonfisik
- Teori objektivis tentang kebaikan dan kejahatan
- Ponerologi
- Psikopati
- Kebaikan tertinggi
- Teodisi
- Pohon pengetahuan tentang kebaikan dan kejahatan
- Welfarisme
Catatan
sunting- ^ Ingram, Paul O.; Streng, Frederick John (1986). Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Mutual Renewal and Transformation. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 148–149.
- ^ a b "Evil". Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2012. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-08-22.
- ^ Staub, Ervin (2011). Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism. New York City: Oxford University Press. hlm. 32. ISBN 978-0195382044.
- ^ Matthews, Caitlin; Matthews, John (2004). Walkers Between the Worlds: The Western Mysteries from Shaman to Magus. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. hlm. 173. ISBN 978-0892810918.
- ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Ethics"
Referensi
sunting- Anders, Timothy (1994). The evolution of evil. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN 9780812691757.
- Atkinson, Philip. Recognising Good And Evil from ourcivilisation.com
- Aristotle. "Nicomachean Ethics". 1998. US: Oxford University Press. (1177a15)
- Bentham, Jeremy. The Principles of Morals and Legislation. 1988. Prometheus Books.
- Boyce, Mary (1979). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge/Kegan Paul. Corrected repr. 1984; repr. with new foreword 2001.
- Dewey, John. Theory of Valuation. 1948. University of Chicago Press.
- Durant, Ariel and W. Durant. The Lessons of History. 1997. MJF Books. (p72)
- Garcia, John David. The Moral Society — A Rational Alternative to Death. 2005. Whitmore Publishing.
- Griffin, James. Well-Being: Its Meaning, Measurement and Moral Importance. 1986. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hume, David. A Treastise of Human Nature. 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hurka, Thomas. Perfectionism. 1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. 1996. Cambridge University Press. Third section, [446]-[447].
- Kierkegaard, Søren. Either/Or. 1992. Penguin Classics.
- Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. 1999. Belknap Press.
- Romero, Rhys. "Just Being a Student". 2009. Austin Student Press.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
sunting- Baumeister, Roy F. (1999) Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. New York: A.W.H. Freeman / Owl Book
- Bennett, Gaymon, Hewlett, Martinez J, Peters, Ted, Russell, Robert John (2008). The Evolution of Evil. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-56979-5
- Katz, Fred Emil (1993) Ordinary People and Extraordinary Evil, [SUNY Press], ISBN 0-7914-1442-6
- Katz, Fred Emil (2004) Confronting Evil, [SUNY Press], ISBN 0-7914-6030-4
- Neiman, Susan. Evil in Modern Thought – An Alternative History of Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
- Oppenheimer, Paul (1996). Evil and the Demonic: A New Theory of Monstrous Behavior. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6193-9.
- Shermer, M. (2004). The Science of Good & Evil. New York: Time Books. ISBN 0-8050-7520-8
- Steven Mintz; John Stauffer, ed. (2007). The Problem of Evil: Slavery, Freedom, and the Ambiguities of American Reform. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-570-8.
- Stapley, A.B. & Elder Delbert L., Using Our Free Agency. Ensign May 1975: 21
- Stark, Ryan. Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2009), 115–45
- Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005) Evil and Human Agency – Understanding Collective Evildoing New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85694-2
- Wilson, William McF., and Julian N. Hartt. Farrer's Theodicy. In David Hein and Edward Hugh Henderson (eds), Captured by the Crucified: The Practical Theology of Austin Farrer. New York and London: T & T Clark / Continuum, 2004. ISBN 0-567-02510-1
Pranala luar
sunting- Evil di In Our Time di BBC. (listen now)
- Good and Evil in (Ultra Orthodox) Judaism
- ABC News: Looking for Evil in Everyday Life
- Booknotes interview with Lance Morrow on Evil: An Investigation, October 19, 2003.
- Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. The Discussion of Evil in Christianity in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 118 (9):540–542 (2013). ISSN 0032-6178
- Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. Prolegomenon to the Study of Evil. in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 118 (4):278–281 (2013). ISSN 0032-6178
- Contestabile, Bruno (2016). "The Denial of the World from an Impartial View". Contemporary Buddhism. 17: 49–61. doi:10.1080/14639947.2015.1104003. S2CID 148168698.
