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Multiple transferable voting, sometimes called block preferential, block instant-runoff, multi-pass, or cascade voting,[1] is a winner-take-all system for electing several representatives from a multimember constituency. Unlike single transferable voting (STV), preferential block voting is not a method for obtaining proportional representation, and instead produces similar results to plurality block voting. Preferential block voting can be seen as a multiple-winner version of instant-runoff.

Under both block voting and preferential block voting, a single group of like-minded voters can win every seat, making both forms non-proportional.

Casting and counting the ballots

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In preferential block voting, a ranked ballot is used, ranking candidates from most to least preferred. Alternate ballot forms may have two groupings of marks, first giving n votes for an n seat election (as in traditional bloc voting), but also allowing the alternate candidates to be ranked in order of preference and used if one or more first choices are eliminated.

Candidates with the smallest tally of first preference votes are eliminated (and their votes transferred as in instant runoff voting) until a candidate has more than half the vote. The count is repeated with the elected candidates removed and all votes returning to full value until the required number of candidates is elected. An example of this method is described in Robert's Rules of Order.[2]

Effects

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With or without a preferential element, block voting systems have a number of features which can make them unrepresentative of the diversity of voters' intentions. Block voting regularly produces complete landslide majorities for the group of candidates with the highest level of support. Under preferential block voting, a slate of clones of the first winning candidate are guaranteed to win every available seat.[3]

Use

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Block voting was used in the Australian Senate from 1901 to 1948; from 1919, this was preferential block voting.[4] More recently, the system has been used to elect local councils in Australia’s Northern Territory.[5] In elections in 2007 and 2009, Hendersonville, North Carolina used a form of preferential block voting. In 2009, Aspen, Colorado also used a form of preferential block voting for a single election before repealing the system. In 2018, the state of Utah passed a state law creating a pilot program for municipalities to use instant runoff voting for single seat contests and preferential block voting for multi seat contests, and in 2019, Payson, Utah and Vineyard, Utah each held preferential block voting contests for three and two city council seats respectively.[6]

Ballots

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Rank ballot Hybrid ballots
Three example ballots for a two-seat election, the first using a pure ranked ballot, and the second using a plurality block voting ballot for the initial vote, and ranking only the alternate preferences. The hybrid ballots are intended to clarify the fact that the top n choices are counted simultaneously, and the ranked choices are used conditionally based on elimination.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Vanderklipp, Al (2025-06-27). "For Juneau, There's a Better Way than Cascade Voting". Sightline Institute. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
  2. ^ Robert, Henry M. (2011) [2000]. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (10th ed.). pp. 425–428.(RONR)
  3. ^ Reilly, Ben; Michael, Maley (2000). "Chapter 3: The Single Transferable Vote and the Alternative Vote Compared". In Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard (eds.). Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution. University of Michigan Press. pp. 37–58. ISBN 978-0-472-02681-4.
  4. ^ Farrell, David M.; McAllister, Ian (2005). "1902 and the Origins of Preferential Electoral Systems in Australia" (PDF). Australian Journal of Politics and History. 51 (2): 155–167. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2005.00368.x. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  5. ^ Sanders, William (2011). "Alice's Unrepresentative Council: Cause for Intervention?". Australian Journal of Political Science. 46 (4): 699–706. doi:10.1080/10361146.2011.623669. S2CID 154563517. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  6. ^ Jack Santucci and Benjamin Reilly, "Utah’s new kind of ranked-choice voting could hurt political minorities — and sometimes even the majority"

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Block voting

once for the same candidate. Block voting, specifically plurality block voting, is compared with preferential block voting as both often produce landslide

Plurality block voting

Plurality block, also called as multiple non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections

Ranked voting

of the single transferable vote List of electoral systems by country Matrix vote – Voting procedure Preferential block voting Rank aggregation – the input

Australian Senate

first-past-the-post and block voting system, on a state-by-state basis. This was replaced in 1919 by preferential block voting. Block voting tended to produce

Parliament of Australia

first-past-the-post block voting, on a state-by-state basis. This was replaced in 1919 by preferential block voting. Block voting tended to produce landslide

Politics of Australia

the chamber. In 1919, the voting system changed from first-past-the-post to preferential voting. The two-party-preferred vote (2PP) has been commonly used

List of Australian federal elections

chamber. A two-party-preferred vote (2PP) has been calculated since the 1919 change from first-past-the-post to preferential voting and subsequent introduction

First-past-the-post voting

(parallel voting)   Nepal – as part of a mixed system (parallel voting) Oman – in single-member electoral districts, alongside plurality block voting Pakistan