You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (October 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
| Baniwa of Guainía | |
|---|---|
| Baniwa of Maroa | |
| Native to | Brazil, Venezuela |
Native speakers | (c. 210 cited 1999)[1] |
Arawakan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gae [a] |
| Glottolog | guar1293 |
| ELP | Guarequena |
 | |
 Warekena is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Baniwa of Guainía, or Baniwa of Maroa, is an Arawakan language of Brazil and of Maroa Municipality in Venezuela, spoken near the Guainia River. It is one of several languages which go by the generic name Baniwa/Baniva. One of its primary dialects is Warekena (Guarequena), or more precisely Warekena of Xié.
History
editBaniwa of Guainia only recently appeared on the Xie River, displacing the original, or "old" Warekena language. Beginning in the early 20th century, most of the Warekena people migrated into Venezuela from the Xie River in Brazil. They then switched to a dialect of the Baniwa language of Guainía, but preserved their name and the history of their origins. A number of Baniwa of Guainía-speaking Warekena then moved back to the Xie River in the 1920s.[2]
Classification
editBaniwa of Guainía is classified by Alexandra Aikhenvald (1998) as a member of the Içana-Vaupes subgroup of Northern Arawakan, and is closest linguisticaly to Mandawaca, whereas Baniwa of Guainia is closer to Yavitero and Maipure. The two of them are only distantly related to each other and hardly intelligible with one another.[2] Terrence Kaufman (1994) classified it in a Warekena group of Western Nawiki Upper Amazonian,[3] Aikhenvald (1999) in Eastern Nawiki.[1]
Phonology
editConsonants
editEquivalents in the Baniwa of Guainía practical orthography are given below.[4]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| med. | lat. | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ts | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | dz | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | ʂ ⟨sr⟩ | |||||
| voiced | ʐ ⟨zr⟩ | ||||||
| Rhotic | tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ɺ ⟨l⟩ | ||||
| trill | r ⟨rr⟩ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||
Unlike its relatives Baré and Baniwa of Içana, Baniwa of Guainía lacks aspirated stops. /g/ is rare and "very unusual" for a Northern Arawakan language.[2]
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Low | a |
/u/ has an allophone of [o],[4] commonly encountered in rapid speech and also appearing in a number of loanwords. /a/ may also be reduced to [ə] word-finally in syllables after a stressed syllable. Vowel length is phonemic, though has a low functional load, and long vowels are frequently shortened when the stress is shifted in phrases.[2]
Morphology
editNouns
editPronouns
editPersonal pronouns in Baniwa of Guainia are formed by adding an emphatic suffix -ya to the cross-referencing personal prefixes.[2]
Syntax
editUnmarked constituent order is AVO, VSo, SaV, or SioV.[2]
wa-hã
then-PAUS
waʃi
jaguar
yutʃia-hã
kill-PAUS
ema
tapir
"Then the jaguar killed the tapir"
ʃupe-hẽ
many-PAUS
ʃiani-pe
child-PL
"Children are many"
peya
one
nu-yaɺitua
1sg-brother
wiyua
die
"One of my brothers dies"
nu-yue
1sg-for
mawali
hungry
"I am hungry"
Indirect objects tend to be placed immediately after the predicate.
Notes
edit- ^ also applies to Warekena Velha
References
edit- ^ a b Dixon, Robert M. W.; Aĭkhenvalʹd, A. I︠U︡, eds. (1999). The Amazonian languages (PDF). Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.
- ^ a b c d e f Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1998). "Warekena". In Derbyshire, Desmond C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). Handbook of Amazonian Languages. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 225–439. doi:10.1515/9783110822120.
- ^ Moseley, Christopher; Asher, R. E.; Tait, Mary (1994), Atlas of the world's languages, London ; New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-01925-5
- ^ a b c Socorro Sánchez, Marlene (2005). Morfología y sintaxis del Baniva (PhD thesis). Maracaibo: Universidad de los Andes.
