A bathometer (also bathymeter) is an instrument for measuring water depth.[1][2] It was previously used mainly in oceanographical studies, but is rarely employed nowadays. The term originates from Greek βαθύς (bathys), "deep" and μέτρον (métron), "measure".
History
editThe earliest idea for a bathometer is due to Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) who sunk a hollow sphere attached to some ballast with a hook. When the ball reached the bottom it detached from the ballast and resurfaced. The depth was determined (rather inaccurately) by the time it took to surface.[3] Jacob Perkins (1766–1849) proposed a bathometer based on the compressibility of water.[4] In this instrument the movement of a piston compressing a body of water enclosed in its cylinder is dependent on the pressure of the water outside the cylinder, and hence its depth. The amount the piston moved can be measured when it is returned to the surface.[5]
A bathometer that did not need to be submerged was invented in 1876 by William Siemens, stimulated by the needs of the telegraph industry. Siemens' instrument was the first to come into widespread use and is so different and so much more practical than anything that had gone before that he is often credited as the inventor of the bathometer. His instrument consisted of a tube of mercury and worked similar to a barometer.[6] The pressure of the mercury acting under the force of gravity pushed down on, and deformed, a thin steel sheet. The height of the mercury in the column was thus proportional to the strength of the Earth's gravity field. The theory of the instrument was that the greater the depth of water under the ship, the lower the gravitational force would be. This is because water has a much lower density than the rocks of the Earth's crust.[7] Starting in the mid-nineteenth century, submarine telegraph cables were being laid around the world. Accurate knowledge of the depth of the ocean bed was important for this work. Previously, depth was determined by taking soundings with a lead line, a time-consuming and difficult method.[8]
See also
edit- Bathymetry – Study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors
- Depth sounding – Measuring the depths of a body of water
- Echo sounding – Method of measuring the depth of water
Sources
edit- ^ Merriam-Webster
- ^ "Water Words Dictionary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2013-04-09.
- ^ Umberto Eco, Giovanni Battista Zorzoli, , A Pictorial history of inventions: from plough to Polaris, p. 79, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.
- ^ Boston Monthly Magazine, vol. 1, iss. 1, p. 481.
- ^ Thomas Stewart Traill, "Experiments on the specific gravity of sea water drawn in different latitudes and from various depths in the Atlantic", The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, vol. 4, part 1, iss. 7, pp. 185-188, January 1821.
- ^ The Practical Magazine, vol. 6 (new series), no. 20, p. 249, 1876
- ^ J. Munro, "Obituary: Sir William Siemens", Journal of the Society of Telegraph-Engineers and Electricians, vol. 13, iss. 53, pp. 442-462
- ^ * Jeffrey L. Kieve, The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History, p. 238, David and Charles, 1973 OCLC 655205099.
