Pemboikotan Rusia dan Belarus 📖 Wikipedia

Sejak awal tahun 2022, Rusia dan Belarus telah diboikot oleh banyak perusahaan dan organisasi di Eropa, Amerika Utara, Australasia, dan tempat lain, sebagai respons terhadap invasi Rusia ke Ukraina, yang didukung oleh Belarus. Hingga 2 Juli 2022, Yale School of Management mencatat lebih dari 1.000 perusahaan menarik diri atau melepaskan diri dari Rusia, baik sebagai akibat dari sanksi atau sebagai protes terhadap tindakan Rusia.^[1] Badan Nasional Ukraina untuk Pencegahan Korupsi (Ukrainian National Agency on Corruption Prevention) memelihara daftar yang disebut International Sponsors of War (Sponsor Perang Internasional) yang mencakup perusahaan dan individu yang masih berbisnis dengan Rusia.^[2]

Mayoritas negara yang memberi sanksi kepada Rusia menyusul aneksasi Krimea pada tahun 2014 mulai memberlakukan sanksi tambahan untuk menghukum Rusia karena menginvasi seluruh Ukraina—sebuah langkah yang telah dipersiapkan sejak lama oleh Presiden Rusia Vladimir Putin.^[3] Banyak perusahaan tidak terdampak oleh sanksi terhadap Rusia, tetapi memutuskan untuk memutus hubungan dengan negara tersebut, baik karena tekanan publik atau sebagai protes terhadap tindakan pemerintah Rusia, atau keduanya.^[4][5] Lembaga-lembaga Ukraina telah menyatakan bahwa kebutuhan akan langkah-langkah ini sangat mendesak.^[6]

Responsnya secara garis besar dapat dibagi menjadi "boikot budaya", yang bertujuan untuk memperkuat kecaman internasional terhadap invasi, dan "boikot ekonomi", yang dirancang untuk membuat upaya perang menjadi kurang berkelanjutan.^[7][8] Sebagai akibat dari boikot ekonomi, beberapa komentator telah memperingatkan akan adanya keruntuhan ekonomi yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya di masa depan Rusia, mengutip penurunan nilai rubel sebesar 30%, kenaikan suku bunga sebesar 20%, dan ekspansi PDB turun menjadi 1% dari sebelumnya 1,7%.^[9] Analisis oleh berbagai perusahaan memproyeksikan kontraksi PDB akhir tahun setidaknya 5% dan inflasi sebesar 15%.^[10] Beberapa pukulan paling kritis terhadap infrastruktur Rusia adalah hilangnya akses ke sistem pembayaran SWIFT dan pembatasan kemampuan Rusia untuk mengekspor minyak.^[11] Senator AS Bernie Sanders telah menyatakan bahwa krisis ini harus memengaruhi kebijakan energi secara lebih luas untuk mencegah "negara-negara petro-otoriter".^[12] Sementara Shell plc dicatat karena melepaskan sahamnya di Gazprom, perusahaan itu juga dikritik karena membeli kargo minyak mentah Rusia dengan diskon.^[13] Keesokan harinya, menyusul protes publik, Shell membela pembelian tersebut sebagai kebutuhan jangka pendek, tetapi juga mengumumkan bahwa mereka berniat untuk mengurangi pembelian semacam itu dan memasukkan keuntungan darinya ke dalam dana yang akan disalurkan untuk bantuan kemanusiaan ke Ukraina.^[14] Hingga tanggal 10 Maret, setengah dari sepuluh perusahaan internasional terbesar yang memiliki hubungan bisnis dengan Rusia mengumumkan bahwa mereka menarik diri atau menutup operasi mereka; dan jumlah perusahaan yang telah melakukannya mencapai lebih dari 300.^[15]

Beberapa perusahaan makanan ringan dan makanan cepat saji terbesar telah menghadapi kritik karena terus berbisnis di Rusia dan Belarus.^{[16][17][18][19][20]} Anthony Pompliano membela platform perdagangan cryptocurrency (aset kripto) karena tidak berpartisipasi dalam boikot, dengan menyatakan "ada sejumlah besar ketidakmanusiawian yang terjadi dalam keputusan untuk memutuskan warga negara biasa dari sistem keuangan global. Apa kejahatan mereka?"^[21] Para kritikus pemerintah Israel telah menunjukkan bahwa beberapa politisi Amerika yang mendukung pengisolasian Rusia secara ekonomi sebelumnya berkampanye untuk dan meloloskan undang-undang anti-BDS (Boikot, Divestasi, Sanksi) yang menghukum boikot terhadap Israel.^[22][23][24]

Sisi budaya dari boikot ini berfokus pada pengurangan jumlah produk hiburan yang tersedia bagi masyarakat di Rusia. Ini termasuk film dan album, tetapi juga acara yang disiarkan langsung melalui televisi yang diselenggarakan di negara-negara Barat.^[25] Yasmeen Serhan berkomentar bahwa sentimen nasionalistik, yang secara historis menguntungkan rezim Putin, akan dilemahkan oleh pengucilan Rusia dari acara olahraga.^[8] Pelarangan Rusia dan Belarus dari Olimpiade telah disamakan dengan boikot atletik terhadap rezim apartheid Afrika Selatan. Menurut sejarawan Olimpiade David Wallechinsky dan Bill Mallon, keputusan ini dapat dianggap sebagai titik balik jika dibandingkan dengan kelonggaran di masa lalu atas program doping yang disponsori negara di Rusia atau upaya penculikan Krystsina Tsimanouskaya oleh Belarus.^[26][27]

Selain membatalkan penampilan yang direncanakan di Rusia, beberapa organisasi hiburan dengan anggota Rusia mulai mencermati dukungan masa lalu mereka terhadap Putin. Beberapa selebritas ini menolak untuk mengutuk perang, tetapi yang lain kehilangan kontrak mereka karena mereka melakukannya tanpa menyebut nama Putin. Sebuah pernyataan oleh Alex Ovechkin, misalnya, menyerukan perdamaian secara umum dan menyebutkan bahwa anggota keluarganya di Rusia juga dalam bahaya.^[28] Namun, mantan penjaga gawang Czech dari Detroit Red Wings dan Ottawa Senators, Dominik Hašek, menanggapi Ovechkin dan mengkritiknya atas dukungan masa lalunya terhadap Putin, dengan menyatakan "Apa!? Bukan hanya alibi, pengecut, tapi juga pembohong!", seraya juga meminta NHL (National Hockey League) untuk menskors semua pemain Rusia. Salah satu musisi yang merujuk pada keselamatan keluarganya ketika mengutuk perang adalah Alexander Malofeev. Vancouver Recital Society, yang telah mulai mensyaratkan hal ini dari semua artis Rusia, menanggapi bahwa pernyataan Malofeev tidak cukup untuk mengizinkan konsernya dilanjutkan.^[29]

Meskipun sanksi terus berlanjut, 47 dari 200 perusahaan terbesar di dunia masih belum meninggalkan Rusia, terutama perusahaan energi yang tetap berinvestasi di sana. Raksasa energi Inggris Shell dan perusahaan dagang Jepang Mitsui dan Mitsubishi memegang saham dua digit dalam proyek minyak dan gas alam Sakhalin-2. Pada 1 Juli 2022, Putin menandatangani dekret untuk mengizinkan pemerintah menyita proyek minyak dan gas alam Sakhalin-2, tetapi upaya lebih lanjut untuk secara resmi menasionalisasi aset perusahaan internasional ditangguhkan karena rancangan undang-undang tersebut tidak lolos dari Duma Negara sebelum reses musim panas 2022.

Menurut analis Barat, perusahaan-perusahaan yang tersisa telah mengalami tekanan ekspropriasi (pengambilan hak milik) dan nasionalisasi, namun secara resmi Rusia telah membantah bahwa mereka tertarik pada tindakan tersebut. Pada Agustus 2022, Menteri Perdagangan dan Industri Rusia Denis Manturov menyatakan, "kami tidak tertarik pada nasionalisasi perusahaan atau pemindahan mereka."^[30][31]

Perusahaan atau organisasi	Industri	Negara	Actions	Date	Ref.
Abrdn	Financial services	United Kingdom	Abrdn announced it will reduce its holdings in Russia and Belarus.	1 March 2022	[32]
Alaska Permanent Fund	Sovereign wealth fund	United States	After pressure from Alaskan legislators, the Alaska Permanent Fund announced it will not purchase any new Russian securities and will look to divest its Russian portfolio, consisting of US$63m in fixed income, US$153m in public equities and US$2.7m in private equity.	10 March 2022	[33][34]
American Express	Payment systems	United States	American Express announced it had suspended all operations in Russia. All American Express cards will not work at merchants or ATMs in Russia and cards issued by Russian institutions will not work outside of the country. American Express stated its business in Russia is "small".	6 March 2022	[35]
Apple Pay	Sistem pembayaran daring	United States	Apple Pay stopped working in Russia due to sanctions on Russian banks. In 2020, 20% of Russians were using Apple Pay.	26 February 2022	[36][37]
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank	Banking	Asia	The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) stated it had put all activities relating to Russia and Belarus "on hold and under review."	3 March 2022	[38][39]
Australian Future Fund and NSW Generations Fund	Sovereign wealth fund	Australia	Australia's Future Fund announced it would dump all Russian assets, worth A$200m, while the New South Wales government would dump A$75m of Russian assets from its NSW Generations Fund.	28 February 2022	[40][41]
Australian Retirement Trust	Superannuation	Australia	The Australian Retirement Trust announced it would dump A$133m in Russian assets.	3 March 2022	[42]
AustralianSuper	Program pensiun	Australia	AustralianSuper announced it would dump its A$175m portfolio of Russian assets as quickly as possible.	4 March 2022	[43]
Aware Super	Superannuation	Australia	Aware Super announced it would dump its A$50m Russian investment portfolio.	1 March 2022	[44]
Cbus	Superannuation	Australia	Cbus pledged to divest from Russian assets as soon as possible.	1 March 2022	[45]
Coinbase	Cryptocurrency	United States	Coinbase blocked 25,000 wallets belonging to sanctioned individuals. It also stated the use of "sophisticated blockchain analytics" to identify accounts indirectly linked to banned users.	7 March 2022	[46]
Colonial First State	Superannuation	Australia	Colonial First State announced it would divest its Russian exposure, which made up 0.1% of its total funds.	3 March 2022	[47]
Goldman Sachs Group Inc	Financial services	United States	Goldman Sachs Group Inc is winding down its business in Russia in compliance with regulatory and licensing requirements.	10 March 2022	[48]
Google Pay	Sistem pembayaran daring	United States	Google Pay stopped working in Russia due to sanctions on Russian banks. In 2020, 29% of Russians were using Google Pay.	26 February 2022	[36][37]
Government Employees Superannuation Board	Superannuation	Australia	Western Australia's Government Employees Superannuation Board (GESB) stated it would reduce its exposure to 20 Russian companies, including Gazprom, Rosneft, Sberbank and Lukoil.	3 March 2022	[49]
Government Pension Fund of Norway	Sovereign wealth fund	Norway	The Government Pension Fund of Norway announced it will divest its Russian assets from 47 companies, including Sberbank, Gazprom and Lukoil, worth 25 billion crowns in 2021. However, it later stated its value is likely worth only 2.5 billion crowns and they were "pretty much written off".	27 February 2022	[50][51]
Gunvor	Commodities trading	Switzerland	Gunvor announced it had already sold all of its Russian assets but would review its minority, non-controlling stake in Ust-Luga Oil Products terminal.	4 March 2022	[52]
HESTA	Program pensiun	Australia	HESTA announced it had sold Russian assets from its Sustainable Growth super fund and it does not intend to reinvest in Russian sovereign bonds and other Russian assets in the future.	February 2022	[53]
Hostplus	Superannuation	Australia	Hostplus confirmed it would offload its A$10m in Russian assets.	4 March 2022	[54]
JCB Co., Ltd.	Payment systems	Japan	JCB announced the suspension of all its services in Russia.	8 March 2022	[55]
JPMorgan Chase	Financial services	United States	JPMorgan Chase announced it was actively unwinding business and would not pursue any new business in Russia. JPMorgan had fewer than 200 employees located in Russia.	10 March 2022	[56]
Legal & General	Financial services	United Kingdom	Legal & General announced it will reduce its holdings in Russian assets, stating that 0.1% of its assets under management were Russian.	1 March 2022	[57][58]
Mastercard	Sistem pembayaran	United States	Mastercard blocks transactions linked to multiple Russian institutions on 1 March. It further announced on 5 March that all cards issued by Russian banks will not work anywhere inside or outside of Russia, at Russian merchants and ATMs. Russia made up about 4% of Mastercard's net revenue for 2021.	1 March 2022	[59][60][61]
National Employment Savings Trust	Government pension scheme	United Kingdom	The National Employment Savings Trust told its fund managers to sell all existing Russian shares and government bonds as soon as possible and pledged not to buy any more.	1 March 2022	[62][63]
New York State Department of Financial Services	Government regulatory body	United States	New York Governor Kathy Hochul signed an executive order on 27 February, directing all New York State agencies and authorities to review and divest public funds from Russia. On 2 March, the state's Department of Financial Services expedited the procurement of blockchain analytics technology, allowing it to detect exposure of virtual currency businesses to sanctioned individuals.	27 February 2022	[64]
PayPal	Sistem pembayaran daring	United States	PayPal stopped accepting new users from signing up to PayPal in Russia and blocked transactions by some users and banks in Russia as of 2 March. On 5 March, it shut down its services in Russia.	2 March 2022	[65][66]
Paysera LT	Payment systems	Lithuania	Paysera announced it will no longer accept transactions in rubles, close Russian accounts, and restrict money transfers to and from Russian banks.	24 February 2022	[67]
Remitly	Payment systems	United States	Remitly suspended all money transfers to Russia in February 2022.	28 February 2022	[68]
Revolut	Financial services	United Kingdom	Revolut blocked payments to Russia and Belarus, and halted its support for transfers to or from parties in Belarus.	4 March 2022	[69]
Trafigura	Commodities trading	Singapura	Trafigura froze all Russian investments, including its share in Rosneft led project Vostok Oil.	2 March 2022	[70]
Visa	Sistem pembayaran	United States	Visa mengumumkan telah menangguhkan semua operasinya di Rusia, termasuk menonaktifkan semua kartu yang dikeluarkan oleh bank-bank Rusia agar tidak dapat digunakan di luar Rusia, dan semua kartu yang dikeluarkan di luar Rusia agar tidak dapat digunakan di dalam Rusia.	3 March 2022	[71][72]
Western Union	Financial services	United States	Western Union menyatakan akan menangguhkan operasi di Rusia dan Belarus.	10 March 2022	[73]
Wise	Payment systems	United Kingdom	Wise menangguhkan semua transfer uang ke Rusia setelah sebelumnya membatasi transfer harian hingga £200. Meskipun demikian, situs web mereka masih menyediakan perkiraan nilai tukar rubel untuk referensi.	28 February 2022	[68]
World Bank	Banking	Internasional	Bank Dunia (The World Bank) mengumumkan telah menghentikan semua program di Rusia dan Belarus. Bank Dunia juga menyatakan bahwa mereka tidak menyetujui pinjaman atau investasi baru apa pun untuk Rusia sejak tahun 2014 dan untuk Belarus sejak pertengahan tahun 2020.	2 March 2022	[74][75]

• The Church of England announced on 25 February it will sell £20m in Russian holdings held by its Church Commissioners and the Church of England Pensions Board. The church also said it would not make any further investments in Russia, calling it an "immoral flood of corrupt money".^[76]

Company or organisation	Industry	Country	Actions	Date	Ref.
Agence nationale de la recherche	Government agency	France	The French National Research Agency suspended its partnership with the Russian Science Foundation and announced it will no longer take part in actions or funding involving Russian or Belarusian institutions.	3 March 2022	[77]
All European Academies	Organisasi non-pemerintah	Europe	The All European Academies suspended the membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.	4 March 2022	[78]
Arctic Council	Intergovernmental organisation	International	All countries, except Russia, announced they will temporarily pause their participation in the Arctic Council since Russia holds the chairmanship.	3 March 2022	[79]
Arizona State University	University	United States	Arizona State University divested its US$2.3m in Russian assets.	7 March 2022	[80]
Australian National University	University	Australia	The Australian National University (ANU) suspended all links with the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and the National Research University Higher School of Economics.	3 March 2022	[81][82]
CERN	Non-government organisation	Switzerland	CERN announced it had suspended Russia's status as an observer to the organisation, would prohibit Russia from attending open sessions of the CERN Council, and would revoke its "special right" to attend restricted sessions on the Large Hadron Collider. There will also be no new collaborations with Russian institutions, however the 1100 current academics and institutes will be able to continue their work.	8 March 2022	[83][84]
Clarivate and Web of Science	Analytics	United States	Analytics company Clarivate closed its Russian office and ceased all commercial activity in the country. It also suspended the evaluation of all new journal submissions from Russia and Belarus in the Web of Science.	11 March 2022	[85]
Council on International Educational Exchange	Non-government organisation	United States	The Council on International Educational Exchange suspended its spring 2022 program in Saint Petersburg, relocating students to other universities in Eastern Europe.	28 February 2022	[86]
Deakin University	Universitas	Australia	Deakin University announced that it would not enter any new agreements with Russia, not accept any new Russian students and exit its small indirect holding in Russian funds. It also stated that it does not currently have any partnerships with Russian agencies or universities.	8 March 2022	[87]
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and UK Research and Innovation	Government agency	United Kingdom	UK's science minister George Freeman announced a review of all research funding from the UK government to Russian beneficiaries on 27 February 2022. This led to the UK Research and Innovation agency to suspend 50 grants for projects at British universities that were linked to Russian universities.	27 February 2022	[88][89]
Durham University	University	United Kingdom	Durham University suspended all bilateral research collaboration with institutions in Russia and Belarus.	10 March 2022	[90]
edX	Online education	United States	edX announced that all courses offered by Russian universities – ITMO University, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia and Ural Federal University were removed from its website.	4 March 2022	[91]
European Commission	Government agency	Europe	The European Commission suspended all payments to Russian institutions involved in EU-funded research projects. It also suspended the preparation of grant agreements for four projects under Horizon Europe.	2 March 2022	[92]
European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad	Mathematics competition	Europe	The European Girls' Mathematical Olympiad excluded Russia from the competition in 2022, allowing Russia to compete in the competition remotely as private individuals.	15 March 2022	[93]
European Space Agency	Government agency	Eropa	The European Space Agency delayed ExoMars, a joint Europe-Russian mission to send a rover to Mars. Russia was set to provide the Kazachok lander and the mission was intended to launch on a Russian Proton rocket.	28 February 2022	[94][95]
European University Association	Non-government organisation	Europe	The European University Association suspended the membership of 12 Russian universities who signed a pro-war statement.	7 March 2022	[96]
European XFEL	Research facility	Germany	The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility announced it will not start new agreements with Russian institutions and will suspend existing ones.	2 March 2022	[97]
French National Centre for Scientific Research	Government agency	France	The French National Centre for Scientific Research suspends all new scientific collaboration with Russia.	2 March 2022	[98]
German Academic Exchange Service	Non-government organisation	Germany	The German Academic Exchange Service restricts all exchange to Russia, including cancelling scholarships for those offered to study in Russia.	25 February 2022	[99]
German Research Foundation	Government agency	Germany	The German Research Foundation suspended all scientific collaboration with Russia, including the sharing of data, samples, research and equipment. Researchers applying for a fellowship in Russia will have to choose another country.	2 March 2022	[100]
Global Network for Advanced Management	Non-government organisation	International	The Global Network for Advanced Management suspends the Moscow School of Management SKOLKOVO from its network upon request from the school's dean.	8 March 2022	[101]
International Mathematical Olympiad	Mathematics competition	International	The International Mathematical Olympiad suspended the membership of Russia, allowing Russia to compete in the competition remotely as private individuals.	25 March 2022	[102]
International Mathematical Union	Non-government organisation	International	The International Mathematical Union moved the 2022 International Congress of Mathematicians and awarding of the Fields Medal online; it was originally scheduled to be held in Saint Petersburg.	26 February 2022	[103]
Journal of Molecular Structure	Jurnal akademik	None	The Journal of Molecular Structure stopped considering manuscripts submitted by scientists at Russian institutions.		[88]
Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg	University	Germany	The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg halts all institutional collaborations with Russia and bans researchers from undertaking business trips in Russia.	8 March 2022	[104]
Massachusetts Institute of Technology	University	United States	Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ended its relationship with the Skolkovo Foundation, affecting 21 MIT faculty members and 38 students.	25 February 2022	[105]
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics	Non-government organisation	Germany	The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics switched off the eROSITA black hole telescope aboard the Russian Spektr-RG satellite.	26 February 2022	[106][107]
Middlebury College	University	United States	Middlebury College suspended its Russian exchange programme, allowing students to complete the course remotely.	28 February 2022	[105]
NASA	Government agency	United States	Space agency NASA explored ways to keep the International Space Station in orbit without Russia. It noted that Northrop Grumman had offered reboost capability and suggested that SpaceX could help.	1 March 2022	[108]
National Research Council	Government agency	Italy	Italy's National Research Council announced it will suspend operations in Russia and will not renew research agreements with institutions linked to Russia.	28 February 2022	[109]
QS World University Rankings	Non-government organisation	United Kingdom	The QS World University Rankings announced it will remove Russian and Belarusian universities from future rankings and will cease promoting study at its universities.	7 March 2022	[110]
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Dutch Research Council	Non-government organisation	Netherlands	Semua universitas, pusat medis universitas, universitas ilmu terapan, Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Kerajaan Belanda, dan Dewan Penelitian Belanda menangguhkan kemitraan dengan institusi-institusi di Rusia dan Belarus.	4 March 2022	[111]
Stanford University	University	United States	Stanford University ends a US$1.65m contract with an undisclosed entity from Russia.	12 March 2022	[112]
Tallinn University of Technology	University	Estonia	TalTech stops accepting new Russian, Belarusian students.	23 March 2022	[113]
UAM	University	Poland	The Adam Mickiewicz University suspends all collaboration with Russian and Belarusian universities.	3 March 2022	[114]
Universities UK	Non-government organisation	United Kingdom	Universities UK suspended its memorandum of understanding with the Russian Union of Rectors after it publishes a pro-war statement.	7 March 2022	[115]
University of Aberdeen	University	United Kingdom	The University of Aberdeen suspended all bilateral agreements with Russian institutions indefinitely.	1 March 2022	[116]
University of Arizona	University	United States	The University of Arizona divested its US$1.5m in Russian assets.	7 March 2022	[80]
University of Colorado	University	United States	The University of Colorado announced it would liquidate its investment in publicly traded Russian companies and mutual funds with holdings in Russia, around US$6.1m.	3 March 2022	[117]
University of Glasgow	University	United Kingdom	The University of Glasgow announced it would suspend all partnerships with Russian and Belarusian academic institutions throughout the university.	9 March 2022	[118]
University of Reading	University	United Kingdom	The University of Reading suspends its partnership with the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.	11 March 2022	[119]
University of St Andrews	University	United Kingdom	Universitas St Andrews mengumumkan menangguhkan semua program, kolaborasi, dan kegiatan dengan Rusia, termasuk program Magister bersama dengan Universitas Negeri Moskow (Moscow State University). Universitas tersebut juga melepaskan (divestasi) kepemilikan saham Rusia senilai £40.000.	8 March 2022	[120]
University of Tartu	University	Estonia	The University of Tartu restricts applications from Russian and Belarusian students.	9 March 2022	[121]
University of Tübingen	University	Germany	The University of Tübingen suspends all cooperation with Russian universities and research facilities, joint research activities and joint conferences. It also cancelled student exchanges in Russia and business trips to Russia.	3 March 2022	[122]
Western Sydney University	University	Australia	Western Sydney University suspended all ties and activities with Russian universities and institutions.	7 March 2022	[123]

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