| Sterculia foetida | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Embryophytes |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Spermatophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Sterculia |
| Species: | S. foetida
|
| Binomial name | |
| Sterculia foetida | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Sterculia foetida is a soft-wooded tree that can grow up to 35 metres (115 feet) tall.[2] Common names for the plant are the bastard poon tree, Java olive tree, hazel sterculia, wild almond tree, and skunk tree.[2][3][4]
Description
editThe branches of Sterculia foetida are arranged in whorls; they spread horizontally. The tree's bark is smooth and gray. The leaves are placed at the end of branchlets; they have petioles ranging from 12.5 and 23 centimetres (4.9 and 9.1 inches) in length; the blades are palmately compound, containing 7–9 leaflets. The leaflets are elliptical, 100–170 mm long, and shortly petioled. The petioles and also the flowers are the source of the foul smell of the plant.[5] Plant explorer David G. Fairchild who personally sniffed many of the worst smelling flowers, was of the opinion that Sterculia foetida was the worst.[6] The flowers are arranged in panicles, 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long. The green or purple flowers are large and unisexual as the tree is dioecious (male and female flowers are found on different trees). The pollens are oval in shape, approximately 40 microns in length. The calyx is dull orange and is divided into five sepals, each one 10–13 millimetres (3⁄8–1⁄2 in) long. The fruit consists of four to five follicles, each follicle generally containing 10–15 seeds. The follicles are scarlet when ripe.[5] In India, flowers appear in March, and the leaves appear between March and April. At Hyderabad (India), flowering was observed in September–October (2015) with ripened fruits on the top part and young green fruits at the lower branches. The fruit is ripe in February (11 months after the flowers appeared).[5]
Taxonomy
editThe species was described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus.[7] It is the type species of the genus Sterculia and both names mean bad-smelling: the name Sterculia comes from Sterquilinus, the Roman god of fertilizer or manure.
Distribution
editSterculia foetida has been found in many areas, including India, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Indochina, the Philippines (where it is known as kalumpang),[8] United States (Hawaii), Indonesia, Ghana, Australia, Mozambique, and Togo.[9]
Toxicity and uses
editThe oil of Sterculia foetida has been found to be comparable to sunflower, soybean, and grapeseed oils for the use of biofuels. Sterculia foetida oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) such as 8,9 methylene-heptadec-8-enoic acid (malvalic acid) and 9,10-methylene-ocadec-9-enoic acid (sterculic acid). The flash point, iodine value, free fatty acid count, phosphorus content, cloud point, pour point, viscosity at 40 °C, oxidative stability at 110 °C, density, and trace metal count are all within ASTM and EN specifications.[10]
Evidence suggests that the seeds are edible, but purgative,[4] and should be roasted prior to eating.[11] At least one review indicates that CPFA such as sterculic acid are carcinogenic, co-carcinogenic, and have medical and other effects on animals;[12] according to this review, "CPFA in food is dangerous to human health".[medical citation needed]
In Vietnam, the tree is called Trôm and its sap is harvested to use as a soft drink called "Mủ Trôm". [citation needed]
Gallery
edit-
Pollen -
Follicle and seeds - MHNT -
Points marked in red are known occurrences of Stercula foetida -
Fruit and leaves -
leaves and tree
-
The flower in the lower part seems to have two styles.
.jpg "Pollen")
References
edit- ^ "Sterculia foetida L. — the Plant List".
- ^ a b "Sterculia Foetida" – Meet the Plants – National Tropical Botanical Garden Plant Database. Web. 08 Dec. 2013.
- ^ "Species Information". Worldagroforestry.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ a b Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1964). Tropical Trees of Hawaii. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 60.
- ^ a b c "Sterculia foetida" (PDF). Worldagroforestry.org. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ Fairchild, Davd G. (March 16, 1943). "A tree Famous for its Smell". Fairchild Tropical Gardes Occasional Papers No.12: 5.
- ^ "vol. 2 - Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum - Biodiversity Heritage Library". Biodiversitylibrary.org. 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ "Kalumpang, Sterculia foetida, wild almond, Xiang ping po: Philippine Herbal Medicine / Philippine Alternative Medicine". www.stuartxchange.org. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ "Sterculia foetida L. - Checklist View". Gbif.org. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
- ^ J Am Oil Chem Soc (2012) 89:891–896
- ^ Staples, G. W. & D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
- ^ L. O. Hanus, P. Goldshlag, V. M. Dembitsky (2008). IDENTIFICATION OF CYCLOPROPYL FATTY ACIDS IN WALNUT (JUGLANS REGIA L.) OIL. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2008, 152(1):41–45.
Media related to Sterculia foetida at Wikimedia Commons
